![]() To measure cohesive strength, place a sample in a cell and preshear the sample: Exert a normal stress (σ) and shear it until the measured shear stress (τ) is steady and the sample is consolidated. The yield locus, determined by the shear cell tests, is used to calculate the major principal stress (σ 1), unconfined yield strength ( f C), effective angle of friction (δ), and kinematic angle of internal friction (φ). Shear cell testers are used to measure cohesive strength, internal friction, and compressibility. Cohesive strength, internal friction, and compressibility The properties are determined by calculations, measurements, and graphical analysis. Test results are used to calculate the size of the hopper section outlet and the recommended hopper angle. The first step in the design process is to determine the fundamental properties needed to predict the flow behavior of bulk solids: cohesive strength, internal friction, compressibility, wall friction, and permeability. An example calculation section illustrates how to specify storage vessel shapes, outlet sizes, and hopper angles. It expands on previous CEP articles devoted to solids storage and handling and bin design by providing a step-by-step guide to the graphical analyses and calculations necessary for bin design (1, 2). This article presents methods for measuring fundamental bulk solids flow properties and explains how to use them to design hoppers, bins, and silos for reliable flow. The converging section of a storage vessel is called the hopper section. In this article, the term bin is used to describe a storage vessel of any volume. Examples of hopper, bin, and silo geometries are given in Figure 1. Hopper and bin frequently refer to small storage vessels, while silo usually refers to tall vessels that store several tons of material. In bulk solid storage discussions, the terms hopper, bin, and silo are often used interchangeably. Common geometries for hoppers, bins, and silos include (a) conical, (b) wedge, (c) transition, and (d) pyramidal. In the peach cells, the spreadsheet calculates corn grain equivalents of 7,436 bu for the snaplage, 5,125 bu for the HM ear corn and 8,796 bu for the HM corn, for a total of 7,436 + 5,125 + 8,796 = 21,356 bu of corn grain equivalent.▲ Figure 1.Feed densities were left at respective default values of 35, 40 and 45 lbs of DM per cubic ft.HM corn: 9,249 cubic ft of high moisture corn in a silo bag (8 ft bag, 200 ft of plastic, tied off at both end with 8 ft of bag = 184 ft of bag length).HM ear corn: 6,736 cubic ft of in a silo bag based on the calculator (8 ft bag, 150 ft of plastic, tied off at both end with 8 ft of bag = 134 ft of bag length).Snaplage: 12,566 cubic ft in a silo (20 ft diameter x 40 ft filled height) based on the calculator.On January 15, 2020, estimated volume of inventory was.In the peach cells, the spreadsheet calculates corn grain equivalents of 17,582 bu for the snaplage, 1,111 bu for the HM ear corn and 3,085 bu for the HM corn, for a total of 17,582 + 1,111 + 3,085 = 21,779 bu of corn grain equivalent.Dry matter percentages are 65% (35% moisture) for snaplage, and 73% for HM ear corn and corn (27% moisture).On January 15, 2020, estimated inventory was 800 tons of snaplage, 40 tons of HM ear corn and 100 tons of HM corn.Step 4: In the yellow cells enter the feed density as pounds of DM per cubic foot or use the defaults for Snaplage, HM ear corn or HM corn. If the volume is not known, there are calculators or links to spreadsheets to calculate the volume of a silo, silo bag, bunker or pile.Step 3: In the yellow cells, enter the inventory volume as cubic feet for Snaplage, HM ear corn or HM corn, whichever ones are needed. The equivalent bushels of corn grain at 15.5% moisture are reported in peach below.Step 2: In the yellow cells, enter the tons of Snaplage, HM ear corn or HM corn as fed. ![]() Step 1: Enter the dry matter percentage in yellow cells for Snaplage, HM ear corn or HM corn, whichever ones are needed, or use the default values. This tool helps a farmer calculate grain equivalents for snaplage and high moisture corn for including in 2019 production for determining CFAP payments.īegin by downloading the Fractionated Silage to Corn Bushel Calculator spreadsheet. Matt Akins, Luiz Ferraretto, Bill Halfman, Paul Mitchell
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